Buy Crypto Markets Spot FuturesSPCX Earn Event Center

The concept of smart contracts didn't originally emerge in the context of blockchain, but was defined by computer scientist and expert cryptographer Nick Szabo in 1994 as a series of commitments inThe concept of smart contracts didn't originally emerge in the context of blockchain, but was defined by computer scientist and expert cryptographer Nick Szabo in 1994 as a series of commitments in

Learn/Cryptocurrency Knowledge/DeFi/What are Smart Contracts?

What are Smart Contracts?

Author: MEXC

Jul 16, 2025MEXC

#Basic #DeFi #Beginners #Ethereum #Basic Concepts

SMART$0.004358+0.27%

4$0.009016+0.23%

The concept of smart contracts didn't originally emerge in the context of blockchain, but was defined by computer scientist and expert cryptographer Nick Szabo in 1994 as a series of commitments in digital form, including a set of protocols and the execution by the parties involved in the protocols.

However, it didn't gain much attention at that time until the birth of the decentralized, peer-to-peer transmission system of Bitcoin, and the emergence of programmable and immutable blockchain technology. These developments made the concept of smart contracts more than just a theoretical concept.

At the end of 2013, Vitalik Buterin released the Ethereum Whitepaper, and in subsequent years, he led the team in developing this decentralized smart contract application platform. It acts like an underlying operating system such as Apple's iOS or Android, providing a rich API interface for developers to quickly create various types of smart contracts and blockchain applications.

By now, the concept of smart contracts has become clearer: a smart contract is an immutable contract protocol written in code into a computer. When specific conditions agreed upon by the participants are met, the smart contract is executed.

1. Characteristics of Smart Contracts

In simple terms, a smart contract is a piece of computer program. It is not as intelligent as we might imagine, nor does it possess the legal enforceability of traditional contracts.

Deterministic: The result of executing the same smart contract is always consistent, even if it is executed on computers dispersed across different regions globally.

Open and Transparent: All terms and conditions within a smart contract are fully accessible and viewable by the participating parties.

Immutable: Once a contract is deployed, its contents cannot be altered. No party can interfere with the execution of the contract.

2. Lifecycle of Smart Contracts

Smart contracts are only executed when they are invoked by transactions. One contract can call another contract, and this calling can continue between contracts in layers. However, the execution of the first contract in this execution chain must be initiated by a transaction created by an external account. Smart contracts never run automatically or in the background. Without a triggering transaction, a contract remains in a state of waiting to be called.

The execution of transactions is a whole, and modifications to the global state will occur only after all executions have been confirmed successful. Confirmation of success means that the program's execution encountered no errors or termination conditions. If program execution terminates due to errors, all previous operations performed will be rolled back, as if that execution had never occurred.

3. Problems with Smart Contracts

As the use of smart contracts becomes increasingly widespread, people have also discovered that, much like contracts in the real world, if they are not carefully reviewed and verified, vulnerabilities can arise, leading to asset security concerns.

One of the most well-known incidents in Ethereum's history is TheDAO event. TheDAO was a decentralized autonomous fund project that raised over $150 million worth of Ether in just one month. However, within a month, a vulnerability in the token code led to a significant amount of funds being transferred out by hackers. Due to the immutable nature of smart contracts, the project team was powerless to intervene.

Even today, contract vulnerabilities continue to occur. However, these hacking incidents have made more developers realize that, just like contracts in the real world, if protocol processes are too complex, involving professional third-party audits is necessary.

4. Summary

Smart contracts replace third-party intermediaries with open, transparent, and immutable protocol codes, reducing trust costs for contract participants. They have a wide range of applications and prospects. While challenges in security auditing persist, it's important to recognize that the field is less than a decade old. Smart contract development is still in its early stages, and we believe wider market acceptance of smart contracts is only a matter of time.

Market Opportunity

Smart Blockchain Price(SMART)

$0.004358

$0.004358$0.004358

+0.57%

USD

Smart Blockchain (SMART) Live Price Chart

Hot Crypto Updates

Are BEEG Whales Loading Up or Cashing Out? On-Chain Data Tells the Story

On-chain data from Suiscan reveals what BEEG Blue Whale's top 10 holders are really doing — accumulating or dumping? This data-driven analysis separates signal from noise. Overview In the meme coin

Author: Oliver Hughes

2026-05-28

BEEG Origin Explained: Why Smart Money is Buying This Sui Meme Coin in 2026

What is BEEG Blue Whale, and where did it come from? This deep dive covers BEEG's origin, tokenomics, and the on-chain smart money signals driving attention in 2026 — plus why MEXC is the platform

Author: James Mitchell

2026-05-20

Why BEEG 2026 Searches Are Rising: Data Behind the Trend

Why are "BEEG 2026" searches surging worldwide? This deep-dive unpacks the on-chain data, Sui ecosystem macro tailwinds, and smart money signals behind Beeg Blue Whale (BEEG) — and explains why MEXC

Author: James Mitchell

2026-05-08

BEEG 2026 Momentum: Real Demand or Hype?

Is the BEEG 2026 momentum backed by real demand or pure speculation? This deep-dive covers Beeg Blue Whale's on-chain smart money signals, Sui ecosystem macro tailwinds, 100% fair-launch tokenomics,

Author: James Mitchell

2026-05-04